Joshua Miller
Professor Sonia Apgar Begert
English 102
27 OCT 2015
Introduction
When we look at the world today,
we notice how alcohol is advertised, how they make the commercials appealing to
the younger crowed. They tend to leave out some of the neglected information of
what the chemicals do to our brains? What if the state of Washington and other
states alike raise the legal age to 25, why you might ask? Allow me to explain,
since the early days of the time we had some type of drink or drug that altered
our minds, brain chemistry to not feel, talk or trust in some reason or rhyme,
while overlooking the damages that it may cause. I will provide accurate
information on the positive and negative attributes to both sides of the
argument to give a clear depiction of how it could give the next generation a
fighting chance of making clear decisions in their life either personal or
business. When people have the likelihood of making good decisions we allow the
brain to fully develop. What would the effects be in our society? Would the
change be in the best interest of the community or would it be another law that
is over looked and not regulated? If the law was changed would it make a difference?
Review of Literature
Some of the sources that I found
to be a great help, "Adolescent Drinking Has Long-Term Impact On Memory And Learning Skills." Education Journal 231 (2015): 19. Academic Search Premier. WEB. 27 Oct.
2015. I picked, Valerie McMunn A. "Effect
Of Alcohol Consumption On Young Women's Behaviour," Nursing Standard (2008): This site
covers the medical aspect of the nursing side of the house; they go in deep
detail in cycle of how our actions came became dysfunctional with alcohol this
was used with woman, men have their own effects as well. Eveline Crone, A.
"The Role Of The Medial Frontal
Cortex In The Development Of Cognitive And Social-Affective Performance
Monitoring." Psychophysiology
(2014) this site overs the growth process and the development that we need to
reach, adding alcohol delays this process and causes performance issues. Celeste
Halliwell and colleages "Factors
Influencing Frontal Cortex Development And Recovery From Early Frontal
Injury." Developmental
Neurorehabilitation (2009). focuses on the frontal cortex; if you were
drinking you can cause an injury to the brain.
Jacob
Sull um,. "Loco Over Four
Loko." Reason 42.10 (2011): 49-57. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct.
2015.The company that makes the drink “Four Loko” has made a new drink that
includes caffeine and alcohol; they use bright sharper colors, than other
brands. When the time came to ban the manufacture of the drink empire,
according to the FDA, it wasn’t based on the chemicals compound of the drink
that made it a problem; they stated it was the crazy name, fancy garnishing
packaging, the extreme low cost and the eight colors coded flavors. They used several statistics during the time
this “drink” was made including The National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, thousands of deaths all related to alcohol and the poor
decision making that came with being under the drug, if the people were not
drinking this alcohol beverage their lives would have been spared. I would use
this type of information to show cause, several types of agencies attempted to
stop the sale, possession, or reduce the intake of alcohol with a gullible peer
group. This information is found across the nation, in every state, every city
and throughout the world.
Wilson,
Kenneth, et al. "The Psycho-Social Rehabilitation Of Patients With
Alcohol-Related Brain Damage In The Community†." Alcohol & Alcoholism
47.3 (2012): 304-311. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
The
information that was found in this site was considerably older than I was
expected the only reason I used it was because of the information that we knew
was factual in the year 1979. They demonstrate several neurological damaged
parts of the brain, they show the cause of the alcohol and they showed they
showed issues that will develop over time including: acute states of confusion
associated withdrawal leading to delirium tremens (DT’s), resulting in delirium
associated with unstable physical illness left untreated death . I would be
using this information on this site to provide an insight of the damages that
alcohol can and will cause and showing the progressive mental state can cause.
Crone,
Eveline A. "The Role Of The Medial Frontal Cortex In The Development Of
Cognitive And Social-Affective Performance Monitoring." Psychophysiology
51.10 (2014): 943-950. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
This chapter gives a chronological order of
what happens when and why? They paint a
picture of how much is going throughout the body without drugs and alcohol,
when adolescents don’t drink alcohol
their bodies have more than enough work to do to get them ready to become young
adults, without alcohol being an issue. I would use this information to provide
the real story of exactly what goes on in the body and mind of an adolescent,
which is the life span of a child moving into adult hood. The changes are so
extreme with hormonal stages that if and when you add alcohol in this picture
you are changing the brain from inside out, creating new pathways for
neurological messages in which can be life changing and very detrimental to the
wellbeing of the adolescent medial frontal cortex.
george,
Mary Reeni M., et al. "Frontal Deficits In Alcoholism: An ERP Study."
Brain & Cognition 54.3 (2004): 245. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct.
2015.
This article talks a lot about alcoholism and
how it’s a serious problem around the world, they describe in great detail the
issues of the suffering. One of the topics they bring out in the open for
debate is one of the main characteristics of alcoholism, that symptom is the
preoccupation with alcohol and the related items, they show how the brain is on
autopilot only thinking about the outcome and not the negative attributes in
regards to alcohol usage. I would use this information to show that almost
every one of the sources says the same thing. They show that the frontal cortex
is affected in a way that we are not capable of seeing, just because we don’t
see doesn’t mean it’s not happening, when we do notice that we are having
issues with alcoholism by that time damage has already occurred.
Lopez,
Barbara, et al. "Correlates Of Early Alcohol And Drug Use In Hispanic
Adolescents: Examining The Role Of ADHD With Comorbid Conduct Disorder, Family,
School, And Peers." Journal Of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
37.4 (2008): 820-832. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
When looking over this source I
noticed that they found a correlation between (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder And Conduct Disorder And Alcohol And Drug Use) they process the
information be dividing the information in the DSM 5, by dividing ADHD in two
sections Hyperactivity and impulse control and lack of proper attention, they
look at the effects of drinking while pregnant the after math of what it causes
to the unborn children, relating this to them as they grow up and understanding
their barriers that they might face as adults in the real world with a
condition that you can’t always fix due to alcohol consumption.
Hoel,
Sindre, et al. "Adolescent Alcohol Use, Psychological Health, And Social
Integration." Scandinavian Journal Of Public Health 32.5 (2004): 361-367.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
This was a case study on
adolescents in Norway; I picked this article only because I think that the
information is used across the board. In the case study they describe the
correlation relationship with alcohol and the adolescents in socializing element, looking over the
years they see short and long term health issues related to adolescent usage
regardless of women compared to men , it effect all the same. I would use this
information as guide to show that they discovered short and long term effect of
using while in the Adolescent stage.
Halliwell,
Celeste, et al. "Factors Influencing Frontal Cortex Development And
Recovery From Early Frontal Injury." Developmental Neurorehabilitation
12.5 (2009): 269-278. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
based on the introduction the
people who work in the Neuroscience field tend to believe that there is more to
development that we know, from their conclusion is that our frontal cortex and
other sensitive parts of the brain are subjected to pre and postnatal
experiences thus making up what they call the blueprint, some of the studies
they have shown in rats are equal to us as humans, even the smallest change in
the brain can have dramatic consequences that can be lifelong.
Rosenberg,
Molly, et al. "The Relationship Between Alcohol Outlets, HIV Risk
Behavior, And HSV-2 Infection Among South African Young Women: A
Cross-Sectional Study." Plos ONE 10.5 (2015): 1-13. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
They demonstrate major factors in South African women who have become
contracted with sexy transmitted diseases, they have noted while at alcohol
serving outlets that there are certain characteristics that lead to engage in
sexually risky behavior they identify them in no order and make it known that
while drinking the thought process is slowed down because it’s a depressant.
They use a variable in their study, making the information hard to follow, if
the parents had HIV or another transferable infection that could be given to
the child, seems hard to rule out. I would use this information as a part of
the paper in only showing that people make poor choices while taking alcohol, I
have noticed that nothing good comes out of it.
Kennerley,
Steven W., and Jonathan D. Wallis. "Evaluating Choices By Single Neurons
In The Frontal Lobe: Outcome Value Encoded Across Multiple Decision
Variables." European Journal Of Neuroscience 29.10 (2009): 2061-2073.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Any damage to
the frontal lobe will make any decisions making difficult, while we process
information of decisions there is a lot of variables that take place such as
cost, benefits and probability of reaching success when there is frontal lobe
damage. I would use this information to show the same outcome across the board
when dealing with damage to the frontal lobe, regardless of how the damage was
caused, the results are very similar in traits.
Obler,
Amy L., Kelli A. Komro, and Mildred M. Maldonado-Molina. "Early
Adolescent, Multi-Ethnic, Urban Youth’S Exposure To Patterns Of Alcohol-Related
Neighborhood Characteristics." Journal Of Community Health 34.5 (2009):
361-369. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
When
reading this portion of the text online in the article, they described several
different classes with in a neighborhood, they dissect the amount of children
and show how their exposure to alcohol related outcomes in the future. The main
reason why I would use this information is to show a correlation to the child
hood and the abuse of alcohol addiction and the damage to the frontal cortex. I
would show that the population of children who were abused and disregarded as a
child will suffer somewhere down the road with some type of an addiction.
Studies have proven that the problems starts and stop in adolescent stage in
life if we fix the problems with our self’s and our child then maybe there
would be a less of a need to attempt to fix our self’s and our children.
Revejo-Nunez,
Giraldina, Jay K. Kolls, and Marjolein de Wit. "Alcohol Use As A Risk
Factor In Infections And Healing." Alcohol Research: Current Reviews 37.2
(2015): e-1-e-8. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
When
looking over the information that I found, I noted that when alcohol is
digested it effects every working part of the human body, alcohol’s main
purpose back in the day was to kills germs in hospitals, when they made it for
human consumption they made it in lure of horrible drinking water. Over a
period of time they notice that people who drank more than the average were
coming sick because of the alcohol intake killing their insides. I would use
this information in my paper to show that alcohol use does cause infections due
to its toxic nature. The fact that it effects every part of the body and takes
away good bacteria for healthy body growth is very important. When showing the
information that they brought forward in 1905 is very important to me only
because they knew this information about alcohol at an early time when there
was really no understanding of alcohol.
Korucuoglu,
Ozlem, Thomas E Gladwin, and Reinout W Wiers. "Alcohol-Induced Changes In
Conflict Monitoring And Error Detection As Predictors Of Alcohol Use In Late
Adolescence." Neuropsychopharmacology 40.3 (2015): 614-621. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
The
information covers the changes that alcohol makes in side of you due to the
chemical reactions, they provide a detailed various versions why the alcohol
does this and why it’s important to know the effects. They have noted that the
outcomes usually come forward down the road in life, making negative life
choices due to using alcohol in abundance. I would use this information
throughout my paper, because I think I think it’s very important to see what
the damage is and how we as people can change it. We have learned that the
thought process is somehow changed, understanding that alcohol does change the
brain is a positive step in the right direction.
McMunn,
Valerie A. "Effect Of Alcohol Consumption On Young Women's Behavior."
Nursing Standard 23.10 (2008): 35-41. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct.
2015.
This was a study
of women who answered questions, they noted that the younger the person first
stared to drink the more problems they encounter as an adolescent, and they
identified certain scenarios that happened to them while they were intoxicated
proving that while they were not able of making a healthy decision, to conclude
what the author wanted to project, was women who are commencing in underage
drinking were more likely to have subjective issues as they matured past
adolescent.
Marjonen,
Heidi, et al. "Early Maternal Alcohol Consumption Alters Hippocampal DNA
Methylation, Gene Expression And Volume In A Mouse Model." Plos ONE 10.5
(2015): 1-20. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
This information
is really based on the alcohol and a mouse. The mouse was given a percentage of
what a human would take, only because if we were to give a mouse what we would
take it would kill the mouse of alcohol poising. The mouse was given a small
amount for 8 days to show the cause of alcohol and understand the side of
effect that it causes they noticed that the mouse’s hippocampal portion of the
brain was dramaticly changed, when a baby is in the belly of a mother, alcohol
would have the same effect on the baby that the mouse would have, indicating
that alcohol is really not made for human consumption, the side effects are too
great for either and causes damage.
Adolescent
Drinking Has Long-Term Impact On Memory And Learning Skills." Education
Journal 231 (2015): 19. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
The information
covered is very useful, they talked about how being bullied is worse than
neglect and abuse they show the causes and effect and what it leads to over
time if never dealt with correctly. Adolescent drinking has long-term impact on
memory and learning skills, they have proven this by looking at children’s
behavior now and re-looking at them when they get older. When adolescents drink it will lead to unknown
abnormalities in the brain that can influence behavior in adulthood which are
again unknown. I would use this to provide powerful evidence that we really
don’t know the projected outcome of abuse and over usage of alcohol in our
minds we think we are enjoying ourselves, but in reality we are killing
ourselves.
Alcohol
Warning Labels And Posters." American Journal Of Public Health 79.3
(1989): 357-358. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015. United States
Federal Government has
enacted
legislation which will mandate health warning labels on all alcoholic beverage
containers beginning in November 1989, communicating the Surgeon General's
warning that: 1) women should not drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy
because of the risk of birth defects, 2) consumption of' alcoholic beverages
impairs ability to drive a car or operate machinery, and 3) alcohol consumption
may cause other health problems. I would use this information to make a
positive debate that the government it’s self-approved this add on all alcohol
products to let the people know that it has health issues associated with it, It’s
not in your best interest to drink while pregnant because of birth defects and
the fact that you shouldn’t drive a car or operate any machines, this is a
great indictor of the harm that it may cause.
Clark,
Luke, and Facundo Manes. "Social And Emotional Decision-Making Following
Frontal Lobe Injury." Neurocase (Psychology Press) 10.5 (2004): 398-403.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
The information
states that any damage to the frontal cortex has a domino effect and causes
difficulties in every day functions they describe in great detail that the efforts
relating to a frontal lobe injury can make every aspect of life very difficult,
especially in socializing. Some of the side effects that you would see with
someone who has this issue would be, relationship, problems with finances and
employment problems.
Ertan
Yörük, Ceren, and Barış Yörük. "Alcohol Consumption And Risky Sexual
Behavior Among Young Adults: Evidence From Minimum Legal Drinking Age
Laws." Journal Of Population Economics 28.1 (2015): 133-157. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
They wanted to
know how to determine the prevalence of risky or harmful consumption of alcohol
among young adults, the most adequate preventative action is the method of
brief intervention based on the sited page.
Hilton,
Michael E., and Lee Kaskutas. "Public Support For Warning Labels On
Alcoholic Beverage Containers." British Journal Of Addiction 86.10 (1991):
1323-1333. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
A large minority
felt that alcohol taxes should be increased. The store hours should be decreased
making it harder to buy, and the legal drinking age should be increase, which
would keep it away from minors who are looking to abuse the alcohol. Several
respondents agreed that warning labels would not have much effect on heavy
drinkers, only because they are not looking to enlighten them self’s with a new
vocabulary When compared to responses to
similar questions about alcohol control policies over the past 20 years,
evidence supporting a conservative trend towards alcohol in the United States
was found.
Jansen,
Jochem M., et al. "Brain Function During Cognitive Flexibility And White
Matter Integrity In Alcohol-Dependent Patients, Problematic Drinkers And
Healthy Controls." Addiction Biology 20.5 (2015): 979-989. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Certain
drugs effect certain parts of the brain differently, some drugs effect every
part of the body the Relationship between white matter and volume can be
affected by any number of combinations of drugs and alcohol which can result in
a problem in the cognitive performance during adolescence: effecting any one of
these topics and of age, sex and risk and for drug use. I would use this
information that we know now that the alcohol companies don’t care about the
wellbeing of the human race, we also know that since the beginning of time we
had some type of chemical to make us feel some way, or feel like someone else
for whatever reason. We also know that the drugs and alcohol effect people
different and we know that even though we know the outcome of use and abuse we
still do it. When we use we can damage the part of the brain called the white
matter and brain volume causing damage, resulting in making poor adult
decisions that could be life changing.
Plan to Collect Information
During the remainder of my time I
will be visiting the library on campus to make sure that I utilize the time
that I have to make sure that my researched materials is of quality. I have
talked to the librarian to see what her week looks like so I can plan some days
of working with her at the library.
Project Timeline
During the remainder of my time I
will continue verifying my research and how it will reflect on my argument of
raising the legal limit of alcohol consumption. I have asked a couple
classmates of what their thoughts were about the paper that I am writing and asked if
they have any suggestions of how I can make my paper stand out and fulfill the requirements
of the paper. I have talked to the teacher to help clarify any issues that I
may need solved. The writing center is open so I can always make an appointment
if need and I have them on speed dial if any questions arise. I found a person
on campus that would tutor me if need for a 10 dollar per hour fee if I really
need help if all else fails. I will make sure that annotated bibliography is
finished well before the due date so that I may have it looked over to make
sure that I am up to date with the information. I will make sure that I have a
peer review done on my paper to make sure that I am sewing up my argument on my
topic
Working Bibliography
"Adolescent Drinking Has Long-Term Impact On
Memory And Learning Skills." Education Journal 231 (2015): 19.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Alcohol
Warning Labels And Posters." American
Journal Of Public Health 79.3 (1989): 357-358. Academic Search Premier.
Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Clark,
Luke, and Facundo Manes. "Social And
Emotional Decision-Making Following Frontal Lobe Injury." Neurocase
(Psychology Press) 10.5 (2004): 398-403. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct.
2015.
Crone,
Eveline A. "The Role Of The Medial
Frontal Cortex In The Development Of Cognitive And Social-Affective Performance
Monitoring." Psychophysiology 51.10 (2014): 943-950. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Ertan
Yörük, Ceren, and Barış Yörük. "Alcohol
Consumption And Risky Sexual Behavior Among Young Adults: Evidence From Minimum
Legal Drinking Age Laws." Journal Of Population Economics 28.1 (2015):
133-157. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
George,
Mary Reeni M., et al. "Frontal
Deficits In Alcoholism: An ERP Study." Brain & Cognition 54.3
(2004): 245. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Halliwell,
Celeste, et al. "Factors Influencing
Frontal Cortex Development And Recovery From Early Frontal Injury." Developmental
Neurorehabilitation 12.5 (2009): 269-278. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct.
2015.
Hilton,
Michael E., and Lee Kaskutas. "Public
Support For Warning Labels On Alcoholic Beverage Containers." British
Journal Of Addiction 86.10 (1991): 1323-1333. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27
Oct. 2015.
Hoel,
Sindre, et al. "Adolescent Alcohol
Use, Psychological Health, And Social Integration." Scandinavian
Journal Of Public Health 32.5 (2004): 361-367. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27
Oct. 2015.
Jansen,
Jochem M., et al. "Brain Function
During Cognitive Flexibility And White Matter Integrity In Alcohol-Dependent
Patients, Problematic Drinkers And Healthy Controls." Addiction
Biology 20.5 (2015): 979-989. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Kennerley,
Steven W., and Jonathan D. Wallis. "Evaluating
Choices By Single Neurons In The Frontal Lobe: Outcome Value Encoded Across
Multiple Decision Variables." European Journal Of Neuroscience 29.10
(2009): 2061-2073. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Korucuoglu,
Ozlem, Thomas E Gladwin, and Reinout W Wiers. "Alcohol-Induced Changes In Conflict Monitoring And Error Detection As
Predictors Of Alcohol Use In Late Adolescence."
Neuropsychopharmacology 40.3 (2015): 614-621. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27
Oct. 2015.
Lopez,
Barbara, et al. "Correlates Of Early
Alcohol And Drug Use In Hispanic Adolescents: Examining The Role Of ADHD With
Comorbid Conduct Disorder, Family, School, And Peers." Journal Of
Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 37.4 (2008): 820-832. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Marjonen,
Heidi, et al. "Early Maternal
Alcohol Consumption Alters Hippocampal DNA Methylation, Gene Expression And
Volume In A Mouse Model." Plos ONE 10.5 (2015): 1-20. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
McMunn,
Valerie A. "Effect Of Alcohol
Consumption On Young Women's Behavior." Nursing Standard 23.10 (2008):
35-41. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Obler, Amy L., Kelli A. Komro, and Mildred M.
Maldonado-Molina. "Early Adolescent,
Multi-Ethnic, Urban Youth’S Exposure To Patterns Of Alcohol-Related
Neighborhood Characteristics." Journal Of Community Health 34.5
(2009): 361-369. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Revejo-Nunez,
Giraldina, Jay K. Kolls, and Marjolein de Wit. "Alcohol Use As A Risk Factor In Infections And Healing."
Alcohol Research: Current Reviews 37.2 (2015): e-1-e-8. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Rosenberg,
Molly, et al. "The Relationship
Between Alcohol Outlets, HIV Risk Behavior, And HSV-2 Infection Among South
African Young Women: A Cross-Sectional Study." Plos ONE 10.5 (2015):
1-13. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Sullum,
Jacob. "Loco Over Four Loko."
Reason 42.10 (2011): 49-57. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.
Wilson,
Kenneth, et al. "The Psycho-Social
Rehabilitation Of Patients With Alcohol-Related Brain Damage In The
Community†." Alcohol & Alcoholism 47.3 (2012): 304-311. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 27 Oct. 2015
